Vice Explainer: What Really Happens When a Pope Dies? | The timeline

The death of a pope marks a profound moment in the life of the Catholic Church, initiating a meticulously structured period of mourning, transition, and the eventual election of a new pontiff. This process, steeped in centuries-old traditions and governed by specific Church laws, ensures continuity and stability within the Church's global community. With the recent passing of Pope Francis on April 21, 2025, the Church once again embarks on this solemn journey.​

1. Confirmation of Death and Initial Protocols

The process begins with the Camerlengo, currently Cardinal Kevin Farrell, officially confirming the pope's death. Traditionally, this involves calling the pope's baptismal name three times without response. Upon confirmation, the Camerlengo authorizes the issuance of a death certificate and informs key Vatican officials, including the Vicar of Rome and the Dean of the College of Cardinals. ​

Subsequently, the Camerlengo oversees the destruction of the Fisherman's Ring and the papal seal, symbolizing the end of the deceased pope's authority. The papal apartments are sealed to prevent tampering, marking the commencement of the sede vacante ("the seat being vacant") period.

2. Public Announcement and Global Mourning

The Vatican publicly announces the pope's death, leading to a period of global mourning. Flags are flown at half-staff, and tributes pour in from around the world. In the case of Pope Francis, his final public appearance was on Easter Sunday, where he delivered a blessing to the faithful.

3. Funeral Arrangements and Burial

The pope's body is prepared and dressed in papal vestments, then displayed in St. Peter's Basilica for public viewing. The funeral typically occurs between the fourth and sixth day after death, followed by a nine-day mourning period known as the Novendiale. Pope Francis' funeral is scheduled for Saturday, April 26, 2025, at 10 a.m. in St. Peter's Square.

Traditionally, popes are buried in the Vatican Grottoes beneath St. Peter's Basilica. However, Pope Francis requested a simpler burial, opting for a single wooden coffin with a zinc lining.

4. The Interregnum and Governance

During the interregnum, the period between popes, the Camerlengo manages the Church's day-to-day affairs. However, significant decisions are deferred until a new pope is elected. The College of Cardinals convenes to discuss the needs of the Church and prepare for the upcoming conclave.

5. The Conclave: Electing a New Pope

The conclave is the secretive process by which a new pope is elected. It begins 15 to 20 days after the pope's death, allowing time for mourning and the arrival of cardinals from around the world. Only cardinals under the age of 80 are eligible to vote; currently, there are 135 such electors.

The cardinals are sequestered in the Sistine Chapel, where they cast ballots in successive rounds of voting. A two-thirds majority is required to elect a new pope. After each vote, the ballots are burned: black smoke indicates no decision, while white smoke signals that a new pope has been chosen. ​

6. Announcement and Introduction of the New Pope

Once a new pope is elected, the Dean of the College of Cardinals asks if he accepts the position. Upon acceptance, he chooses a papal name and is dressed in papal garments. The Senior Cardinal Deacon then announces "Habemus Papam" ("We have a pope") from the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica, and the new pope delivers his first blessing to the assembled faithful. ​

7. Looking Ahead

As the Church prepares for the conclave, several cardinals are considered potential successors, including Cardinal Pietro Parolin of Italy, Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle of the Philippines, and Cardinal Matteo Zuppi of Italy. The election of a new pope will shape the future direction of the Catholic Church, influencing its approach to global challenges and internal reforms.

The death of a pope is a moment of reflection and renewal for the Catholic Church. Through established rituals and procedures, the Church ensures a smooth transition, honoring the legacy of the departed pontiff while embracing the leadership of a new successor.